The diagnosis of vertigo syndromes is based on the patient’s own description of their symptoms and the results of clinical observation; consequently, the medical history and otoneurological examination play indispensable roles. By contrast, routine vestibular functional assessment is often of secondary importance.

It is essential to investigate anxiety and depression, which are often regarded as consequences rather than causes of the symptoms. We know, for example, the important role that hyperventilation plays in triggering dizziness.